Top 10 Best Pore Air Purifier

COMMERCIAL LARGE SPACE SMART FILTER Our 3-in-1 filter system targets pollen, dust, pet dander, VOCs, smoke, and odors - the H13 HEPA filter captures 99.9 of particles down to 0.3 microns. Our lightweight device is portable, allowing you to improve air quality wherever you need it. Our smart air quality sensor touch-screen display makes the purifier easy to use adjust your settings, also shows air quality information.. EXCEPTIONALLY SILENT Designed for quiet operation, making it perfect for use in bedrooms and living rooms. The purifier's efficiency in capturing dust and particles - see just how much our air purifiers for home can assist and support the bodys natural response. EASY TO USE INSTALLATION Built to easily identify, access, and change your filters - our purifier comes with multiple fan speed options, enabling you to set the pace of air filtration to suit your needs. Included is a remote to easily adjust the speed to your preference and turn the light on off when needed - with the auto mode as well to facilitate real-time adjustments based on your room's air quality, ITS QUIET. REMOVE ODORS, SMOKE, VOC'S Both an air cleaner odor eliminator, our air purifier features a unique honeycomb activated-carbon filter that absorbs odors, smoke, and VOCs. With a state-of-the-art fan and motor, enjoy clean air delivered quietly and efficiently in your home, bedroom, office, kitchen, basement, dorm, apartment, or living room.. FIND RELIEF Our purifiers come with a 2-year warranty, award-winning customer support 7 days a week, and the peace of mind with a brand you can trust. You can also find our replacement filters to ensure you have fresh air all year around.

MAXIMUM COVERAGE Cleans small spaces up to 400 sq ft in one hour CADR 120. Ideal tabletop purifier for homes, apartments, bedrooms, living rooms, offices, schools, universities, classrooms, hospitals, restaurants, and other businesses.. QUALITY TESTED BACKED CARB, ETL, and Energy Star certified. Backed by a USA registered Lifetime Warranty when genuine Medify replacement filters are used. The replacement filter B07VF25QJ6 lasts 2,500 hours or about 3-4 months..

MAXIMUM COVERAGE Cleans spaces up to 825 sq ft in one hour, 413 sq ft in 30 minutes CADR 187. Ideal for homes, apartments, bedrooms, living rooms, offices, schools, universities, classrooms, hospitals, restaurants, and other businesses.. HEPA H13 FILTRATION Trusted to remove 99.7 of harmful particles including allergens, odors, VOCs, smoke, pollen, pet dander, dust, smog, contaminants, and more down to 0 1 microns in size. Captures finer particles than HEPA H11 0 3 microns. ULTRA QUIET Choose from 3 fan speeds, with the lowest setting operating virtually silent. Runs at 110 Volts at a min noise level of 35dB and max of 51dB. For the most discreet operation, enable sleep mode to completely dim the unit's panel lights. EASY TO USE FEATURES Includes a sleek touch screen operation panel with 0-8 hour timer, fan speed, sleep mode, filter replacement indicator, and child lock, great for both kids and pets. QUALITY TESTED BACKED CARB, ETL, and Energy Star certified. Backed by a USA registered Lifetime Warranty when genuine Medify replacement filters are used. The replacement filter B081NWVMCH lasts 2,500 hours or about 3-4 months.

MAXIMUM COVERAGE Cleans spaces up to 555 sq ft in one hour, 278 sq ft in 30 minutes CADR 126. Ideal for homes, apartments, bedrooms, living rooms, offices, schools, universities, classrooms, hospitals, restaurants, and other businesses..

HEPA Air Purifiers Pets and Home Clarifion DSTx uses a negative ionizer plus a HEPA Filter that may help reduce airborne dust, smoke, pet dander, odors and may help improve air in any room.. Perfect Air Purifier for Home We recommend using at least one per bedroom, bathroom, dining room, living room, and kitchen to ensure best results. It is advisable to place the device near windows and doors for optimal results.. CARB Certified and Complies With The Federal Ozone Emissions Limit Breathe fresher air with Clarifion DSTx air system for the home. DSTx HEPA filter air purifiers emits negative ions which may cling to dust and allergens, and may weigh them to the ground.. Carbon Filter Air Purifier With an activated carbon layer in the HEPA filter, DSTx room air filter may help to absorb unwanted odors and smoke in kitchens, bathrooms, and more so you and your loved ones can enjoy ionized air.. Quiet Air Filtration DSTx air purifier for bedroom is whisper quiet, so you can go about your day and night totally undisturbed. With a dual-speed fan, choose from high or low speeds depending on your air purification needs..

MAXIMUM COVERAGE Cleans up to 1,000 sq ft in one hr, 500 sq ft in 30 min, 250 sq ft in 15 min. Based on average CADR for pollen, smoke and dust when operating at fan setting 3. Assumes closed room with 8 ft ceiling. Perfect for medium size rooms.Noise level for speed 1 dB 31.5 dB, Noise level for speed 2 dB 39.4 dB, Noise level for speed 3 dB 51.4 dB. HEPA H13 FILTRATION Trusted to remove 99.7 of harmful particles including allergens, odors, VOCs, smoke, pollen, pet dander, dust, smog, contaminants, and more down to 0 1 microns in size. Captures finer particles than HEPA H11 0 3 microns. ULTRA QUIET Choose from 3 fan speeds, with the lowest setting operating virtually silent. Runs at 110 Volts at a min noise level of 35dB and max of 51dB. For the most discreet operation, enable sleep mode to completely dim the unit's panel lights. EASY TO USE FEATURES Includes a sleek touch screen operation panel with 0-8 hour timer, fan speed, sleep mode, filter replacement indicator, and child lock, great for both kids and pets. QUALITY TESTED BACKED CARB, ETL, and Energy Star certified. Backed by a USA registered Lifetime Warranty when genuine Medify replacement filters are used. The replacement filter B0859NYXTW lasts 2,500 hours or about 3-4 months.

EFFECTIVE 3-in-1 TRUE HEPA FILTER AIR PURIFIER Enjoy clean air as the pre-filter, H13 true HEPA air filter activated carbon filter can remove up 99.97 of airborne particles including pet hair, smoke, odor, mold, dust, harmful gases, more. OPTIMAL CIRCULATION REACH Reaching up to 227 sq. ft., this small air purifier serves as a great air cleaner for your personal desk, bedroom, home office, bathroom, and more. AUTO FAN CONTROL Let the air purifier do the work for you as auto mode is designed to adjust the fan speed according to surrounding air quality. QUIET AIR PURIFIER Enjoy a good nights rest as sleep mode is designed slow down the fan speed dim the lights for a calm quiet ambiance. FILTER REPLACEMENT ALERT The filter change indicator will alert you when your air purifier needs a filter replacement..

SECURE AND PORTABLE Our portable HEPA Air PurifierDeodorizer is designed to fit in the cup holder of your vehicle to make your life more comfortable and healthier. The design makes it easy to move from one car to another.. ENJOY CLEAN AND ODOR FREE AIR Use this portable and personal device to quietly and efficiently capture 99.5 of PM2.5 small particles and dust. It also quickly neutralizes and releases clean, fresh air for you to breathe.. AUTOMATIC OR MANUAL DUAL SPEED FAN Comes with two fan modes. The automatic mode switches on when you start your car. Manual mode offers two fan speeds. That way you can set it and forget it.. COMPACT POWERFUL DESIGN This small HEPA AirPurifier can be used in your vehicle or home. Its perfect for taking along with you to purify any other space of your choice, such as cubicles or small offices.. INCLUDED IN PACKAGE Included in this package is one Air PurifierDeodorizer device, one replacement H13 HEPA Air Filter, one USB-C Power Cable and one User Manual. This product is backed by a one year warranty..

3-Stage Filtration The H13 True HEPA Filter works alongside the pre-filter and high-efficiency activated carbon filter to capture 99.97 of airborne particles 0.3 microns in size, such as dust, smoke, pollen, odor, etc. MORENTO HY1800 filter element please search for B09XVDNLDH. NOTE The charging cable and filter element are placed inside the air purifier.. 360 Degree Air Intake and Compact Design This mini air purifiers for bedroom adopts 360air intake to purify every corner of the room in all directions. The compact design, which weighs only 2 pounds, can easily handle bedrooms, dorms, offices, baby rooms, and other small rooms up to 108 square feet. With it, you can use it flexibly and enjoy the fresh air closer to you.. Aromatherapy You can add 2-3 drops of your favorite essential oil not included to the aroma pad on top of this air purifier for smokers to enjoy a fragrant and relaxing environment while purifying the air.. One-Button Control A simple one-button operation can switch between three speeds and timer mode. Long press the button for three seconds to set a 4-hour timer for the hepa air purifier wildfire smoke. This portable air purifiers for bedroom is user friendly, effective and convenient.. Ideal Gift MORENTO air purifiers are great for friends and family as Housewarming gifts, Birthday gifts, Valentine's Day gift, Christmas gift, etc..

True HEPA Air Purifier Our air purifier utilizes an authentic HEPA H13 to significantly improve indoor air quality by filtering out dust, pet dander, smoke, and more. Perfect for kitchens, home offices, living rooms, kids play rooms and many other small to medium-sized spaces. Its the real deal.. Powerful 3-Stage Filtration and Long Lasting Filter Includes a pre-filter, HEPA and activated carbon filter to effectively remove 99.97 of the smallest particles in the air. Each filter lasts up to 2100 hours on low to medium fan mode thats about 87 days, or 3 months - nice Important The included filter, located inside the appliance, ships with a protective plastic sleeve. Please remove the plastic sleeve from the filter before use.. Compactly Engineered and Looks Cool At just 12.8 inches in height and 7.8 inches in diameter, our powerful purifier is portable enough to take anywhere, and move easily from room to room. And its modern design makes it an attractive addition to every home. Pro Tip To purify air in larger spaces with this model, simply use the high speed fan mode and get an extra filter or two. A Quietly Awesome Sleeping Companion The low speed fan setting operates at a reduced noise level to make this air purifier ideal for bedrooms, so you can breathe easy AND sleep peacefully. Our purifier also includes a handy night light feature with adjustable brightness options, as well as a child lock function for baby nurseries and kids rooms..

Efficient H13 Purification Equipped with an H13 True HEPA Filter and a high-efficiency filtration system, our air cleaner can effectively filter particles as small as 0.3 microns in the air. When you turn on the high-efficiency air purifier, it can refresh the air in a room as large as 1095 sq ft 100 m every hour, providing you with a new and comfortable air environment throughout the day in your home or office.. Dual Air Treatment Our air purifier not only uses H13 True HEPA filter to capture particles as small as 0.3 microns, but also features a light treatment technology to further purify the air. With this dual treatment system, we provide more comprehensive air purification, ensuring a healthier living environment for you and your family. Note The function is turned off by default, please turn it on to maximize the air purifier's performance.. Feel The Air Change Our air purifier comes equipped with a built-in PM2.5 sensor, so you don't have to play the guessing game with your nose. When the air quality drops, our purifier will go into action and the indicator will turn yellow or red, and the fan will speed up to clean the air faster. Trust us, your lungs will thank you for the break from the dirty air.. Your Silent Companion Ssshh...can you hear that No, it's not the sound of silence, it's the sound of our air purifier in sleep mode With low noise and low speed, it's the perfect companion for a good night's sleep. It will not disturb your sweet sleep, and even a light sleep baby can enjoy the comfortable air on a quiet night.. Filter Replacement Made Easy Say goodbye to the hassle of replacing air filters. Our air purifier makes it a breeze Simply open the filter cover, grab the rope on the side, and voila You can easily take out or replace the filter inside. We recommend replacing the air filter every 3-6 months to ensure optimal air purification. Pro tip For best results, always use the official filter.

Effective Fast Air Filtration Equipped with 360-degree air inlet and 3-stage filter, Afloia air purifier cleans air 4x per hour in 250 ft23 m room, filters particles as small as 0.03 microns and removes 99.99 of pet dander, dust, pollen, smoke, odor, etc, help relieve sneezing, nasal congestion or other allergic symptoms.. Portable Small Air Purifier With size of 6.36.310.3 inch, easy to move this little machine around. You can place the air cleaner on the office table, study desk, bedroom nightstand, coffee table or any other place you like.. Unique 7-Color Light Design Afloia mini air purifier is designed with a color-changing light, creating a warm home feeling. Choose your favorite color with one click. The light turns off when choose Sleep Mode, no light interference at night, and the fan turns to lowest speed, as low as 18db, even quieter than whisper 20db, perfect choice as air purifiers for your bedroomroomhomeoffice. Air Filter With Aromatherapy Add a few drops of fragrant essential oil to the aroma pad of this room air purifier, making you relaxed and easier to concentrate on what you are doing, like doing yoga, meditation, studying or working. Help to get rid of pet odors and musty smell.. Worry-free Purchase If any questions about Afloia air purifier, please feel free to contact our brand customer service. We provide our customers with two-year replacement service and proper solutions, please rest assured.

Efficient Particle Filtration AROEVE air purifier utilizes a HEPA filter that can effectively filter out particles such as smoke, pollen, dander, hair, and more, potentially improving air quality and promoting better health and well-being for you.. High Circulation Rate With dual-channel and 360-degree air inlets technology, AROEVE air purifier refreshes the air per hour in rooms up to 215 ft 20 m, covering every corner of the room to promote better health for you.. Low Decibel Operation AROEVE air purifier operates quietly, especially when the sleep mode is activated, which reduces the fan speed to the lowest setting, effectively eliminating any noticeable sound. The filtered air noise is as low as 22 dB, making it ideal for creating a peaceful and relaxing indoor environment while still providing effective purification.. Enjoy Fragrant Air It features an aroma pad located below the air outlet that allows you to add 4-5 drops of your favorite essential oil not included. As the purifier circulates fresh air, the fragrance spreads throughout the room, creating a pleasant and healthy environment for you and your family to enjoy.. Notice To ensure the health and safety of you and your family, our AROEVE air purifiers are equipped with a 2000-hour cartridge replacement reminder. Once the purifier has been in use for more than 2000 hours, a red indicator light will turn on to remind you to replace the filter cartridge. For optimal performance, we recommend replacing the filter cartridge once every 3-6 months. Note The voltage of the air purifier is 120V and is suitable for use only in the United States..

PERSONAL AIR PURIFIER This convenient, portable travel air purifier cleans the air close to you at 9 cubic feet per minute, so you can breathe fresher, cleaner air everywhere and tackle common issues, such as allergies, sinus problems, colds, nasal swelling, and more.. TRUE HEPA FILTER The 2-stage filtration system eliminates 99.97 of germs. Stage 1 is an Activated Carbon Pre-Filter that traps odors and harmful gasses, while the Stage 2 True HEPA Filter eliminates dust, dander, pet hair, pollen, mold spores, and smoke in the air.. CORDLESS TRAVEL-FRIENDLY The rechargeable lithium-ion battery lasts up to 12 hours, so you can use the purifier with or without an outlet. You can even purify the air inside your car about 54 sq ft in only 20 minutes, so you have clean air to and from any location. Weighing less than 1 pound, its a lightweight and portable option for anyone on-the-go.. CUSTOMIZED FEATURES The adjustable handle allows you to place the air purifier either upright or on its side to find the best position, or even remove the handle when you dont need it. Choose from 3 fan speeds low, medium, or high to find the air purification that works best for you. Place the fan speed on high and the purifier can even double as your own personal cooling fan.. 5-YEAR WARRANTY This mini air purifier comes with a 2-in-1 filter, USB charging cable, and Pure Enrichments guaranteed 5-Year Warranty. Our customer support team provides daily quality service and peace of mind to millions worldwide all from a brand you can trust..

3-STAGE AIR PURIFICATION Perfect for medium to large rooms, safely clean your home, bedroom, living room, nursery, or office air from 99.97 of particles dust, pollen, pet dander, smoke, and household odors. Stage 1 Washable Pre-Filter and Activated Carbon Filter Stage 2 True H13 HEPA filter Stage 3 UV-C Light. ELIMINATES VIRUSES BACTERIA The built-in UV-C light adds a deeper level of cleanliness and safely eliminates up to 99.9 of viruses and bacteria. Staphylococcus albus 95.8, Escherichia coli 96.6, Aspergillus niger 88.2, H1N1 99.9 independent testing. 3 FAN SPEEDS QUIET OPERATION Use the easy touch-button control panel to find your optimal fan setting with low, medium, and high options. With a soothing white noise level at just 30dB, its quiet enough to sanitize while you sleep.. ENERGY-EFFICIENT EASY TO USE PureZone has 3 timer settings for 2, 4, or 8 hours which allows you to save energy or run continuously. It also comes designed with a filter reset indicator that lets you know when it is time for a fresh filter.. 5-YEAR WARRANTY 3-in-1 powerful air purifier, 3-in-1 filter that lasts up to 6 months, UV-C light bulb, and Pure Enrichments guaranteed 5-Year Warranty. Our customer support team provides daily quality service and peace of mind to millions worldwide all from a brand you can trust..

2-STAGE AIR PURIFICATION Clean your air from 99.97 of dust, pollen, pet dander, smoke, and household odors. Stage 1 Activated carbon pre-filter Stage 2 True HEPA filter. 100 OZONE FREE PureZone cleans the air without ionizers or ozone generators that can cause lung-related illnesses. ENERGY-EFFICIENT EASY TO USE Using touch-button technology, select between 3 automatic timer settings to save energy or run continuously after choosing 1 of 3 fan speeds. MOOD LIGHTS Choose from 2 light modes, either bright or low, and enjoy a soft blue glow to add a little character and ambiance to any space. WHAT YOU GET Air purifier, 2-in-1 filter, and Pure Enrichments guaranteed 5-Year Warranty. Our customer support team provides daily quality service and peace of mind to millions worldwide all from a brand you can trust..

SMART AIR PURIFIER Featuring 4 stages of efficient filtration, our True HEPA Air Purifier cleans the air by eliminating 99.97 of smoke, pet dander, allergens, dust, and household odors. Stage 1 Activated carbon pre-filter Stage 2 Medical-Grade true HEPA filter Stage 3 UV-C light Photocatalyst filter Stage 4 Ionizer.. LARGE ROOM COVERAGE With a clean air delivery rate CADR of 120 CFM, this sleek home air purifier refreshes large family rooms measuring 990 sq ft in 60 minutes, and bedrooms, offices, nurseries, and other spaces measuring 205 sq ft in 12.5 minutes.. BUILT-IN UV-C LIGHT Increase sanitation and decrease stress at home by safely eliminating up to 99.9 of viruses and bacteria. Staphylococcus albus 96.6, Escherichia coli 99.3, Aspergillus niger 99.6, H1N1 99.9 independent testing. ENERGY-EFFICIENT EASY TO USE PureZone Elite uses an air quality detection technology that automatically adjusts the three fan speed in real-time, keeping you informed with our color-coded light display. Our Energy Star rating uses less electricity while helping to protect the environment. Theres also a filter reset indicator that lets you know when its time to change the activated carbon pre-filter and medical-grade true HEPA filter.. 5-YEAR WARRANTY Pure Enrichments guaranteed 5-Year Warranty, 4-in-1 powerful air purifier, 2-in-1 filter, UV-C light bulb. Our customer support team provides daily quality service and peace of mind to millions worldwide all from a brand you can trust..

REFRESH RELAX If you struggle with allergies, low-quality sleep, congestion, or symptoms caused by pet dander, the Levoit Core Mini Air Purifier is ready to help you create a healthy space. MATTER OF MINUTES Breathe freely and sleep better as the air purifier uses 360 VortexAir Technology 3.0 and 3-stage filtration to ensure top-notch air purification, Operating Conditions Temperature 14104F -1040C. QUIET OPERATION Sleep soundly without loud rattling coming from your air purifier. This little air purifier keeps noise levels as low as 25dB while keeping your space fresh. AROMATHERAPY Struggling with pet odors or musty smells, Add a few drops of fragrant essential oils to the aroma pad to keep your space smelling great. GENUINE LEVOIT FILTERS Only use genuine Levoit replacement parts to maintain the best performance Search for Core Mini-RF or B09FK5PN4H. Off-brand filters are inconsistent, unreliable, and may damage the air purifier. SAVE SPACE Tired of dragging a bulky purifier back and forth, Light, travel-friendly, and compact, the Levoit Core Mini Air Purifier 6.5 6.5 10.4 in easily fits in any bedroom, office, or living room, creating less clutter and more fresh air.

2-STAGE AIR PURIFICATION Clean your air from 99.97 of dust, pollen, pet dander, smoke, and household odors. Stage 1 Activated carbon pre-filter Stage 2 True HEPA filter. 3 FAN SPEEDS Turn the control knob to find your optimal fan setting with low, medium, and high options. INNOVATIVE DESIGN Rubberized feet improve the stability of the air purifier while the unique forward airflow provides a gentle and relaxing breeze. IDEAL FOR YOUR SPACE Fits perfectly on any nightstand, desk, or end table while blending in seamlessly with your decor. WHAT YOU GET Air purifier, 2-in-1 filter, and Pure Enrichments guaranteed 5-Year Warranty. Our customer support team provides daily quality service and peace of mind to millions worldwide all from a brand you can trust..

POWERFUL PERFORMANCE With a CADR of 130 CFM 221 m3h, the Vital 100 is perfect for living rooms, bedrooms, and kitchens. It can cover 300 ft 28 m in only 18 minutes. Only products over 6 pounds can be equipped with such powerful motors that optimize the air cleaning performance.Voltage AC 120V, 60Hz. 3-STAGE FILTRATION Comes equipped with a washable pre-filter for large particles like lint and fur, a High-Efficiency Activated Carbon Filter for toxic fumes and unpleasant odors, and an HEPA Filter, which captures at least 99.97 of dust, pollen, and any airborne particles with a size of 0.3 microns m. SLEEP COMFORTABLY With noise levels as low as 23 decibels, the Vital 100 wont keep you up at night. You can also turn off the display lights when its time for bed. USER-FRIENDLY Set a timer for 2, 4, or 8 hours whenever you like. The Check Filter Indicator will let you know when its time for a fresh filter. ENERGY EFFICIENT It only costs dollar 1.66 a week to run the Vital 100 247 , allowing you to use it all day during times of high pollution, like wildfire season. EASY TO PLACE The compact design and top-facing air vents let you place the Vital 100 near walls or in the corner of a room. FILTER REPLACEMENTS Depending on usage, the filters should be replaced every 68 months. You can buy new filters by searching B08BC5V6ZF and B085C22XWC. Remove the plastic wrap before installing a new filter.

COMPACT FOR FRESH AIR Only Blueair air purifiers use HEPASilent technology Blue Pure 511 air purifier quickly cleans up to 432sqft space in 30min or 180sqft small room in about 12.5min. POWERFUL YET WHISPER-SILENT Ideal for bedrooms nurseries or home office with compact footprint and low noise levels 24 dB quieter than a whisper on low and 49 dB on high. HEPASILENT DUAL FILTRATION TECHNOLOGY Removes at least 99.97 of airborne particles down to 0.1 microns The tiniest particles, such as viruses and bacteria, are captured, while larger particles such as dust, pollen and smoke are also removed. PERSONALIZABLE DESIGN Our most compact air purifier seamlessly fits into your home with three Scandinavian inspired washable pre-filter colors you can personalize your air purifier to match your interior Arctic Trail dark gray pre-filter included. EFFICIENT AND COMPACT Certified by Energy Star as Most Efficient model Blueair air purifiers are whisper-silent and use less energy than a light bulb Without taking up too much space enjoy fresh air with the touch of a button. BLUEAIR REPLACEMENT FILTER Blue Pure 511 Genuine Replacement Filter B08KPFWBGM fits Blue Pure 511 Air Purifier and is designed for optimal performance. LETS CLEAR THE AIR WITH BLUEAIR Our Blue Pure Max air purifier comes with one filter preinstalled and a pre-filter for easy set up This product is made for NORTH AMERICA USE ONLY and should only be used with input voltages between 110-120V.

co2CREA hard travel case replacement for Case Bag Zone mini air purifier portable air purifier car air purifier small air purifier. Hard EVA shell Case Bag Zone mini portable air purifier case is shockproof dustproof and water resistance, protect your air purifier filter Case Bag Zone mini portable air purifier travel air purifier from drops, scratches, bumps, splash, and dust.. This carrying case perfect for your Case Bag air purifier Zone mini portable air purifier small air purifier, the Zone air purifier small air purifiers case has more space to accommodate the Zone mini portable air purifiers small cable and mini air purifier more accessories.. co2CREA hard carry case is a build-in super quality lining reflects superior taste and ensures a long-lasting performance, the soft anti static lining can protect your small air purifier Zone mini portable air purifiers mini air purifier portable air purifier for travel from bumps dents and scratches.. This mini carry case has a comfortable hand strap, so that the small air purifier Zone mini air purifier portable air purifier will easy to carry, and the Zone mini portable air purifier case has a special and strong zipper, which can bring you a better using experience.. For sale is CASE ONLY mini air purifier and small air purifier accesories are not included.